| gmails | Дата: Понедельник, 11.06.2012, 21:49 | Сообщение # 1 |
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Группа: Администраторы
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| FEATURES NEW SPARK PLUGSpark Plug - an essential attribute of an internal combustion engine with a light fuel. The candle was born over 160 years ago, first in the first drive (without compression) Frenchman Lenoir, and then in a more efficient engine with compression German Otto.A candle is to ignite fuel-air mixture in the combustion chamber engine. Classic candle, familiar to all motorists, contains a steel case with screw and Allen, an insulator with a center electrode, forming a spark gap with the side electrode. The candle is still one of the most stressful of engine components. Reason - in the harshest environments: cyclic exposure to high voltage, temperature, pressure, and a wide range of modes of engine combustion deposits, spark, etc. The improvement of the candles were spent and still spend more resources. Over the past five years in the U.S. Patent Foundation reported more than 7000 "candle" of patents.Argued that the ignition spark, and reached a certain perfection, that they are little dependent, if only to have been damaged. And most importantly - "Iron" and the volume of the engine. Is this true?We estimate how much of the high-voltage pulse of electrical energy released in the spark of a candle. It is known that the bulk of the spark energy in modern engines is allocated during the inductive phase of the discharge. The source of high-voltage electricity is an ignition coil. The number of accumulated energy is proportional to the inductance of the coil, so the latter is obtained by a very heavy and material-intensive. The total resistance of high-voltage circuit of the ignition system is about 20 ohms. We estimate the resistance of the spark gap. Given that the voltage between the electrodes after the breakdown drops to 300 V and discharge current average is 300 mA, the resistance of the spark gap is approximately equal to 1 kW. It follows that the electrical efficiency Spark is about 5%.Consider the thermal efficiency The discharge current in the spark turns into Joule heat, which ignites and carries the air-fuel mixture. Calculation of loss arising is not easy, therefore, agree with the opinion of other authors who assessed the loss of heat for heating the electrodes of about 70%.But the electrodes - are not the only parasites that devour precious heat sparks. Sam whirlwind raging in the combustion chamber, heat is carried away. The speed of the vortex is maximum at the walls of the combustion chamber, where the spark gap spark. With this efficiency sparks cautious estimate of the order of 15%.One can only wonder how the engine for such losses is still running. But the most surprising thing to come. Due to the asymmetry of the combustion there are mechanical losses. A candle is a passive point source of heat. The configuration of the flame front in the development of the combustion air-fuel mixture is determined by the eddy currents. At the first stage of the flame from a spark spreads in the form of an ever-expanding three-dimensional helical surface along the wall in one corner of the chamber, and thence to the center. Center of the combustion chamber is at the center bottom of the piston in the position of top dead center (TDC). In the second stage of the flame front begins to spread almost uniformly in all directions. Appeared at the first stage of the "spiral" continues to be supported by a spark, so that the combustion is completed in another corner of the combustion chamber opposite to the "spiral".Combustion occurs in a closed, almost unchanged in terms of space. Therefore, as the combustion chamber pressure is increased, and this gives a progressive increase in the rate of flame propagation. Because of the transience of processes in the cell is actually violated the law of Pascal, as in the complete combustion of short-term pressure will be considerably greater than the pressure in other areas of the combustion chamber. In other words, high pressure is generated at a rate greater than the rate of equalization of pressure in a confined space.Let me remind readers about the effect discovered by the Austrian physicist Mach: "At the end of the combustion air-fuel mixture in a closed chamber temperature of the burned gases in the area of the largest source of ignition and decreases to the borders of the combustion zone." Based on research by the author, could state that the dual effect of Mach: "At the time of completion in a closed chamber combustion air-fuel mixture at a rate close to the speed of sound, the pressure of the burned gases in the combustion zone of the completion of the largest and decreases with increasing distance from it" . The higher rate of complete combustion, the greater this difference in pressure.What does this lead? Look closely at the piston, which is in the field of TDC. In fact, this balancing system with a foothold near the center of the piston. With increasing reaction load balancing, this system is close to stationary. Meanwhile, the balancing of the system have a very important feature: a small asymmetry may lead to large consequences.Similarly, when a 15 ° rotation of the crankshaft after TDC pass complete combustion of the fuel-air mixture, the piston, together with a uniform pressure on all of the bottom, is gaining momentum on one side. He was "nothing left", as to turn about the fulcrum, which will lead to a brief jamming of the piston in the cylinder. Engine before you die, can "bounce". This is because the pistons on the Queue "slips" through the jammed state. In a cold engine wedge effect is maximal.In world practice, this phenomenon began to fight at once. When the aircraft for reasons of reliability were used two symmetrical spark plugs per cylinder, the engine power is increased by 5%. Such a solution in the automotive practice, first used HONDA, as convinced of a significant increase in torque at the "grass roots". Next to the same address resorted Alfa-Romeo. And more recently - Daimler-Chrysler. However, the introduction of redundant ignition system - not a cheap pleasure, and, besides, it actually means the need for a new engine. And what to do with the hundreds of millions of vehicles that are already romp around the world?In addition, the use of two spark plugs per cylinder does not eliminate the other drawback. The path length of flame front propagation in a real combustion chamber is not less than three radii of the piston. The great length of the path of the flame front led to the fact that at a high frequency of rotation of the shaft had to ignite the air-fuel mixture before TDC (increase ignition timing), and the compression phase ended after the ignition of air-fuel mixture. If we look at the chart indicator, then this increases the thermal energy in the compression phase and, of course, decreases in the expansion phase. Thus, with increasing frequency of rotation of the shaft torque drops "at double speed." Then comes the moment when the engine "screaming, but can not pull the" as is able to serve only itself. And all this is mainly due to the long burning or wrong way to plug.As a result, we can conclude that the ignition system of modern engines guilty of fundamental shortcomings.All the disadvantages discussed above are eliminated, if the combustion air-fuel mixture to start in the center of the combustion chamber.And to make it more reasonable to just using the torch ignition by analogy with the best forkamernymi engines. The first engine was offered forkamerny Ricardo in 1918, and the latter was discontinued in the early '80s. And this is surprising, since forkamernye engines were better than average on all indicators, except for one - they were more complicated, especially with regard to power and gas distribution system. Probably the latter and outweighed the eternal compromise: price - quality.The main advantage of flare ignition - activity. Torch is able to overcome the visible range as a side to side, and towards the vortex.In 1994 the author and his colleagues began research to create a spark ignition system and a flare effect.We stopped on a completely new solution. Our candles spark gap of the central cone surrounded by a symmetric resonator. The cone is made of heat-resistant alloy with antikalilnymi properties.What is the non-obviousness decisions? Semi-open design of the candle, but it has a candle torch effect. Academician AE Akimov candle called our "torsion generators." But the main thing is not whether to call, and what the character has a new candle.A copy of the book, "Burning in the high-speed reciprocating engines," Author: Voinov, A.; Publisher: "Moscow Machine" in 1977Pictures of the combustion chamber, made of special optical-television system.The dynamics of the field of combustion:Top row - with the standard ignition system.Bottom row - with candles, providing flare ignition.This is due to the "half-open" candle she was not afraid of the problems of ventilation and contamination products of incomplete combustion.It works better than ordinary candles, better candles forkamernoy in all modes of the engine as a more powerful form divergent torch.In one experiment tested the engine with the standard pickup and a new candle with no load. The engine with the standard ignition system gaining the maximum shaft speed for about 3 seconds. After replacing the spark for a new motor with no visible delays literally "exploded", and the shaft speed "off scale".In the course of the experiments were established based efficiency new candle on a number of characteristics: the shape of the combustion chamber, position, power and duration of the spark, the quality of the air-fuel mixture.Our research allows to state that improves the ignition torch simultaneously all the parameters of the engine and vehicle speed, acceleration, economy and environmental friendliness. Particularly important achievement seems to reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides. Sharply reduced thermal load of the engine, it is possible to overclock with the transition from 1st to 5th gear. The machine does not "notice" boom, ie does not reduce the rate on the rise. Fuel consumption is reduced and becomes independent of speed, so when driving at a speed of 120 km / h and higher savings often up to 50%.It has been noted, for vehicles with larger engines with a mass and an increased diameter of the pistons win increases.Much remains to investigate the evolution of a new candle is just beginning. I hope that the new interest and the auto industry, and these motorists. In conclusion the author expresses special thanks and gratitude to the Russian inventor, GN Berezovsky, who first proposed the use of a candle with a conical surface.Source: Journal of "Engine"FEATURES NEW SPARK PLUGIn the first part of the article ("Engine" № 6, 2002) we mentioned that a new spark plug with a thin-walled conical cavity improves, in particular, and environmental performance of engines running on light fuel. It is known that the combustion of fossil fuels in the engine produced a number of gaseous compounds of varying degrees of hazard: carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, sulfur dioxide, soot, lead, benzopyrene, etc. Their presence in the absolute and relative units of measurement is determined by many factors. We will consider only what we canThe coefficient of risk and the actual amount of emissions of nitrogen oxides by a large margin hold "honorary" first. For their formation in the engine is not only the temperature but also the degree of enrichment. A new candle is fundamentally changes the nature of the combustion air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber. Burning is now symmetric, and roughly three times faster. This has a positive effect on the temperature gradient in the combustion chamber. Note that the maximum and average temperature in the combustion chamber with a new candle down.Second, in the combustion chamber with a new candle is a decrease of mean temperature at high speeds the car because of fuel economy. When using traditional candles with the growth rate observed an exponential growth in fuel consumption. This is due to the lack of well-known traditional plugs - reduced engine torque with increasing load and increasing speed.A new spark plug can greatly reduce the dependence of the rate of fuel consumption. Were received practical confirmation of this fact: at a speed of 170 km / h savings of 50%.Third, a new candle reduces nitrogen oxide emissions by improving vehicle dynamics. This applies especially to disperse such as "the accelerator pedal to the floor." This mode of dispersal, by the way, is the most economical (the faster the car reaches a preset speed, the less fuel burn and fewer emissions are nitrogen oxides). It is believed that the content of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (CH) in the exhaust gases of engines is almost independent of the compression ratio, engine speed, ignition timing, etc. This is practically a linear dependence on the ratio of wealth of the mixture. It can be concluded that the characteristics of spark plugs much less influence on the level of CO and CH. However, the reality was different. Measurements at idle, when the level of CO and CH is a maximum because of the worst fire conditions showed that the frequency of rotation of the crankshaft engine of CO and CH decreases and CO2 content increases to 16%. It was observed that after replacing the spark came an odor of exhaust gases, which after 150 miles had disappeared. This is explained by the fact that as a result of improvements in the engine combustion process took place throughout the purification catalyst and exhaust system as a whole from contamination.These theoretical studies and experimental results obtained in any case can not be considered final. But now many experts are absolutely convinced that the new spark plugs have a positive effect not only on the dynamics of the car, fuel economy, increased service life of the engine, but it is especially important in our time, a sharp reduction in pollution. Recall that the catalyst is expensive, short-lived, take up much space, reduces engine power and its use leads to increased fuel consumption.Source: Journal of "Engine"
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| gmails | Дата: Понедельник, 11.06.2012, 21:49 | Сообщение # 2 |
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Группа: Администраторы
Сообщений: 40
Статус: Offline
| FEATURES NEW SPARK PLUGSpark Plug - an essential attribute of an internal combustion engine with a light fuel. The candle was born over 160 years ago, first in the first drive (without compression) Frenchman Lenoir, and then in a more efficient engine with compression German Otto.A candle is to ignite fuel-air mixture in the combustion chamber engine. Classic candle, familiar to all motorists, contains a steel case with screw and Allen, an insulator with a center electrode, forming a spark gap with the side electrode. The candle is still one of the most stressful of engine components. Reason - in the harshest environments: cyclic exposure to high voltage, temperature, pressure, and a wide range of modes of engine combustion deposits, spark, etc. The improvement of the candles were spent and still spend more resources. Over the past five years in the U.S. Patent Foundation reported more than 7000 "candle" of patents.Argued that the ignition spark, and reached a certain perfection, that they are little dependent, if only to have been damaged. And most importantly - "Iron" and the volume of the engine. Is this true?We estimate how much of the high-voltage pulse of electrical energy released in the spark of a candle. It is known that the bulk of the spark energy in modern engines is allocated during the inductive phase of the discharge. The source of high-voltage electricity is an ignition coil. The number of accumulated energy is proportional to the inductance of the coil, so the latter is obtained by a very heavy and material-intensive. The total resistance of high-voltage circuit of the ignition system is about 20 ohms. We estimate the resistance of the spark gap. Given that the voltage between the electrodes after the breakdown drops to 300 V and discharge current average is 300 mA, the resistance of the spark gap is approximately equal to 1 kW. It follows that the electrical efficiency Spark is about 5%.Consider the thermal efficiency The discharge current in the spark turns into Joule heat, which ignites and carries the air-fuel mixture. Calculation of loss arising is not easy, therefore, agree with the opinion of other authors who assessed the loss of heat for heating the electrodes of about 70%.But the electrodes - are not the only parasites that devour precious heat sparks. Sam whirlwind raging in the combustion chamber, heat is carried away. The speed of the vortex is maximum at the walls of the combustion chamber, where the spark gap spark. With this efficiency sparks cautious estimate of the order of 15%.One can only wonder how the engine for such losses is still running. But the most surprising thing to come. Due to the asymmetry of the combustion there are mechanical losses. A candle is a passive point source of heat. The configuration of the flame front in the development of the combustion air-fuel mixture is determined by the eddy currents. At the first stage of the flame from a spark spreads in the form of an ever-expanding three-dimensional helical surface along the wall in one corner of the chamber, and thence to the center. Center of the combustion chamber is at the center bottom of the piston in the position of top dead center (TDC). In the second stage of the flame front begins to spread almost uniformly in all directions. Appeared at the first stage of the "spiral" continues to be supported by a spark, so that the combustion is completed in another corner of the combustion chamber opposite to the "spiral".Combustion occurs in a closed, almost unchanged in terms of space. Therefore, as the combustion chamber pressure is increased, and this gives a progressive increase in the rate of flame propagation. Because of the transience of processes in the cell is actually violated the law of Pascal, as in the complete combustion of short-term pressure will be considerably greater than the pressure in other areas of the combustion chamber. In other words, high pressure is generated at a rate greater than the rate of equalization of pressure in a confined space.Let me remind readers about the effect discovered by the Austrian physicist Mach: "At the end of the combustion air-fuel mixture in a closed chamber temperature of the burned gases in the area of the largest source of ignition and decreases to the borders of the combustion zone." Based on research by the author, could state that the dual effect of Mach: "At the time of completion in a closed chamber combustion air-fuel mixture at a rate close to the speed of sound, the pressure of the burned gases in the combustion zone of the completion of the largest and decreases with increasing distance from it" . The higher rate of complete combustion, the greater this difference in pressure.What does this lead? Look closely at the piston, which is in the field of TDC. In fact, this balancing system with a foothold near the center of the piston. With increasing reaction load balancing, this system is close to stationary. Meanwhile, the balancing of the system have a very important feature: a small asymmetry may lead to large consequences.Similarly, when a 15 ° rotation of the crankshaft after TDC pass complete combustion of the fuel-air mixture, the piston, together with a uniform pressure on all of the bottom, is gaining momentum on one side. He was "nothing left", as to turn about the fulcrum, which will lead to a brief jamming of the piston in the cylinder. Engine before you die, can "bounce". This is because the pistons on the Queue "slips" through the jammed state. In a cold engine wedge effect is maximal.In world practice, this phenomenon began to fight at once. When the aircraft for reasons of reliability were used two symmetrical spark plugs per cylinder, the engine power is increased by 5%. Such a solution in the automotive practice, first used HONDA, as convinced of a significant increase in torque at the "grass roots". Next to the same address resorted Alfa-Romeo. And more recently - Daimler-Chrysler. However, the introduction of redundant ignition system - not a cheap pleasure, and, besides, it actually means the need for a new engine. And what to do with the hundreds of millions of vehicles that are already romp around the world?In addition, the use of two spark plugs per cylinder does not eliminate the other drawback. The path length of flame front propagation in a real combustion chamber is not less than three radii of the piston. The great length of the path of the flame front led to the fact that at a high frequency of rotation of the shaft had to ignite the air-fuel mixture before TDC (increase ignition timing), and the compression phase ended after the ignition of air-fuel mixture. If we look at the chart indicator, then this increases the thermal energy in the compression phase and, of course, decreases in the expansion phase. Thus, with increasing frequency of rotation of the shaft torque drops "at double speed." Then comes the moment when the engine "screaming, but can not pull the" as is able to serve only itself. And all this is mainly due to the long burning or wrong way to plug.As a result, we can conclude that the ignition system of modern engines guilty of fundamental shortcomings.All the disadvantages discussed above are eliminated, if the combustion air-fuel mixture to start in the center of the combustion chamber.And to make it more reasonable to just using the torch ignition by analogy with the best forkamernymi engines. The first engine was offered forkamerny Ricardo in 1918, and the latter was discontinued in the early '80s. And this is surprising, since forkamernye engines were better than average on all indicators, except for one - they were more complicated, especially with regard to power and gas distribution system. Probably the latter and outweighed the eternal compromise: price - quality.The main advantage of flare ignition - activity. Torch is able to overcome the visible range as a side to side, and towards the vortex.In 1994 the author and his colleagues began research to create a spark ignition system and a flare effect.We stopped on a completely new solution. Our candles spark gap of the central cone surrounded by a symmetric resonator. The cone is made of heat-resistant alloy with antikalilnymi properties.What is the non-obviousness decisions? Semi-open design of the candle, but it has a candle torch effect. Academician AE Akimov candle called our "torsion generators." But the main thing is not whether to call, and what the character has a new candle.A copy of the book, "Burning in the high-speed reciprocating engines," Author: Voinov, A.; Publisher: "Moscow Machine" in 1977Pictures of the combustion chamber, made of special optical-television system.The dynamics of the field of combustion:Top row - with the standard ignition system.Bottom row - with candles, providing flare ignition.This is due to the "half-open" candle she was not afraid of the problems of ventilation and contamination products of incomplete combustion.It works better than ordinary candles, better candles forkamernoy in all modes of the engine as a more powerful form divergent torch.In one experiment tested the engine with the standard pickup and a new candle with no load. The engine with the standard ignition system gaining the maximum shaft speed for about 3 seconds. After replacing the spark for a new motor with no visible delays literally "exploded", and the shaft speed "off scale".In the course of the experiments were established based efficiency new candle on a number of characteristics: the shape of the combustion chamber, position, power and duration of the spark, the quality of the air-fuel mixture.Our research allows to state that improves the ignition torch simultaneously all the parameters of the engine and vehicle speed, acceleration, economy and environmental friendliness. Particularly important achievement seems to reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides. Sharply reduced thermal load of the engine, it is possible to overclock with the transition from 1st to 5th gear. The machine does not "notice" boom, ie does not reduce the rate on the rise. Fuel consumption is reduced and becomes independent of speed, so when driving at a speed of 120 km / h and higher savings often up to 50%.It has been noted, for vehicles with larger engines with a mass and an increased diameter of the pistons win increases.Much remains to investigate the evolution of a new candle is just beginning. I hope that the new interest and the auto industry, and these motorists. In conclusion the author expresses special thanks and gratitude to the Russian inventor, GN Berezovsky, who first proposed the use of a candle with a conical surface.Source: Journal of "Engine"FEATURES NEW SPARK PLUGIn the first part of the article ("Engine" № 6, 2002) we mentioned that a new spark plug with a thin-walled conical cavity improves, in particular, and environmental performance of engines running on light fuel. It is known that the combustion of fossil fuels in the engine produced a number of gaseous compounds of varying degrees of hazard: carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, sulfur dioxide, soot, lead, benzopyrene, etc. Their presence in the absolute and relative units of measurement is determined by many factors. We will consider only what we canThe coefficient of risk and the actual amount of emissions of nitrogen oxides by a large margin hold "honorary" first. For their formation in the engine is not only the temperature but also the degree of enrichment. A new candle is fundamentally changes the nature of the combustion air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber. Burning is now symmetric, and roughly three times faster. This has a positive effect on the temperature gradient in the combustion chamber. Note that the maximum and average temperature in the combustion chamber with a new candle down.Second, in the combustion chamber with a new candle is a decrease of mean temperature at high speeds the car because of fuel economy. When using traditional candles with the growth rate observed an exponential growth in fuel consumption. This is due to the lack of well-known traditional plugs - reduced engine torque with increasing load and increasing speed.A new spark plug can greatly reduce the dependence of the rate of fuel consumption. Were received practical confirmation of this fact: at a speed of 170 km / h savings of 50%.Third, a new candle reduces nitrogen oxide emissions by improving vehicle dynamics. This applies especially to disperse such as "the accelerator pedal to the floor." This mode of dispersal, by the way, is the most economical (the faster the car reaches a preset speed, the less fuel burn and fewer emissions are nitrogen oxides). It is believed that the content of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (CH) in the exhaust gases of engines is almost independent of the compression ratio, engine speed, ignition timing, etc. This is practically a linear dependence on the ratio of wealth of the mixture. It can be concluded that the characteristics of spark plugs much less influence on the level of CO and CH. However, the reality was different. Measurements at idle, when the level of CO and CH is a maximum because of the worst fire conditions showed that the frequency of rotation of the crankshaft engine of CO and CH decreases and CO2 content increases to 16%. It was observed that after replacing the spark came an odor of exhaust gases, which after 150 miles had disappeared. This is explained by the fact that as a result of improvements in the engine combustion process took place throughout the purification catalyst and exhaust system as a whole from contamination.These theoretical studies and experimental results obtained in any case can not be considered final. But now many experts are absolutely convinced that the new spark plugs have a positive effect not only on the dynamics of the car, fuel economy, increased service life of the engine, but it is especially important in our time, a sharp reduction in pollution. Recall that the catalyst is expensive, short-lived, take up much space, reduces engine power and its use leads to increased fuel consumption.Source: Journal of "Engine"
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